{"id":2220,"date":"2026-05-20T15:26:48","date_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:26:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/the-voyage-that-failed-at-everything-except-coming-home\/"},"modified":"2026-06-10T17:06:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T17:06:11","slug":"endurance-shackletons-incredible-voyage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/endurance-shackletons-incredible-voyage\/","title":{"rendered":"La Expedici\u00f3n que Fracas\u00f3 en Todo Menos en Regresar a Casa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2220\" class=\"elementor elementor-2220 elementor-2214\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ab83fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"53ab83fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a41791c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a41791c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-137f2c48 e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-137f2c48-dc35ea9 \" data-id=\"137f2c48\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"137f2c48\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"137f2c48\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7b5284 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d7b5284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   ENDURANCE \u00b7 USA ONBOARD \u00b7 Cr\u00f3nica \u00b7 Template 4 \u00b7 ES\n   Widget 1 \u2014 Partida\n   \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Cormorant+Garamond:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700&family=Jost:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');\n\n.chronicle-es-article {\n  --serif: \"Cormorant Garamond\", Georgia, serif !important;\n  --sans:  \"Jost\", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif !important;\n  --paper:       #f4f0e8 !important;\n  --paper-deep:  #ebe4d4 !important;\n  --paper-warm:  #efe8d8 !important;\n  --ink:         #141210 !important;\n  --ink-mid:     #3a342c !important;\n  --ink-soft:    #7a7064 !important;\n  --sepia:       #8b6f47 !important;\n  --sepia-deep:  #5c4628 !important;\n  --sepia-lt:    #a98b5e !important;\n  --ice:         #a8bcc8 !important;\n  --ice-deep:    #6b8290 !important;\n  --rule:        #c9beae !important;\n  --rule-soft:   #ddd3c0 !important;\n  font-family: var(--sans) !important;\n  color: var(--ink) !important;\n  background: var(--paper) !important;\n  line-height: 1.6 !important;\n  overflow: hidden !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article *, .chronicle-es-article *::before, .chronicle-es-article *::after { box-sizing: border-box !important; 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}\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<article class=\"chronicle-es-article\">\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 HERO \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-hero\">\n    <div class=\"chr-hero-bg\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-hero-grad\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-hero-marker\">Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 1914 \u2014 1916<\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-scroll-ind\">\n      <span>Empezar lectura<\/span>\n      <span class=\"chr-scroll-ln\"><\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 EDITORIAL PLATE \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-editorial-plate\">\n    <div class=\"chr-plate-volanta reveal\">\n      <span class=\"chr-plate-volanta-line\"><\/span>\n      <span class=\"chr-plate-volanta-text\">Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 Edad Heroica de la Exploraci\u00f3n Ant\u00e1rtica<\/span>\n      <span class=\"chr-plate-volanta-line\"><\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <h1 class=\"chr-plate-title reveal delay-1\">La expedici\u00f3n que <strong>fracas\u00f3<\/strong><br>en todo menos en<br>regresar a casa<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"chr-plate-bajada reveal delay-2\">En agosto de 1914, veintiocho hombres zarparon de Plymouth para realizar el primer cruce terrestre del continente ant\u00e1rtico. Nunca pisaron tierra firme. Perdieron el barco, derivaron sobre el hielo durante casi seis meses, navegaron ochocientas millas en un bote abierto y cruzaron a pie una isla que nadie hab\u00eda cartografiado. Los veintiocho volvieron vivos.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"chr-plate-meta reveal delay-3\">\n      <span>Expedici\u00f3n Imperial Transant\u00e1rtica<\/span>\n      <span class=\"chr-meta-sep\"><\/span>\n      <span>Cr\u00f3nica<\/span>\n      <span class=\"chr-meta-sep\"><\/span>\n      <span>12 min de lectura<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 LEDE + INTRO \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-lede reveal\">La historia del Endurance suele contarse como un triunfo. Es m\u00e1s interesante le\u00edda como un fracaso. La tercera expedici\u00f3n ant\u00e1rtica de Ernest Shackleton se propuso algo que no se hab\u00eda hecho nunca \u2014cruzar el continente a pie, del mar de Weddell al mar de Ross, pasando por el Polo Sur\u2014 y abandon\u00f3 ese objetivo antes incluso de que su barco llegara al punto previsto de desembarco. Lo que ocurri\u00f3 despu\u00e9s es una de las secuencias de supervivencia mejor documentadas de la historia de la exploraci\u00f3n, y ocurri\u00f3 porque cada pieza del plan original ya se hab\u00eda roto.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">En el verano de 1914, Shackleton ten\u00eda cuarenta a\u00f1os y ya hab\u00eda dado la vuelta una vez camino al Polo. Roald Amundsen lo hab\u00eda alcanzado en 1911. Robert Falcon Scott hab\u00eda muerto al regreso de su propio intento al a\u00f1o siguiente. Lo que quedaba, seg\u00fan el c\u00e1lculo de Shackleton, era el continente. Bautiz\u00f3 el proyecto como Expedici\u00f3n Imperial Transant\u00e1rtica y reuni\u00f3 dos barcos, dos tripulaciones y una ruta de aproximadamente <strong>1.800 millas<\/strong> a trav\u00e9s de un territorio que ning\u00fan ser humano hab\u00eda visto.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El barco que eligi\u00f3 para el grupo del mar de Weddell hab\u00eda sido botado en Noruega como yate de turismo \u00e1rtico de lujo. Construido en el astillero Framn\u00e6s, en Sandefjord, bajo la supervisi\u00f3n del maestro carpintero Christian Jacobsen y dise\u00f1ado por Ole Aanderud Larsen, hab\u00eda sido botado en diciembre de 1912 con el nombre de <em>Polaris<\/em>: tres m\u00e1stiles, aparejo de barquentina, motor a vapor a carb\u00f3n de 350 caballos y un casco de roble, abeto noruego y greenheart trabajado para resistir hielo. Sus comitentes quebraron antes de que la nave entrara en servicio. Shackleton la compr\u00f3 en enero de 1914 por 14.000 libras y la rebautiz\u00f3 con el lema familiar, <em>Fortitudine vincimus<\/em> \u2014por la resistencia venceremos. El lema estaba a punto de ser puesto a prueba con una literalidad que nadie en Plymouth pod\u00eda anticipar.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El Endurance zarp\u00f3 de Plymouth el 8 de agosto de 1914, cuatro d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de que Gran Breta\u00f1a entrara en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Shackleton ofreci\u00f3 el barco y la tripulaci\u00f3n al Almirantazgo antes de partir. La respuesta lleg\u00f3 en un telegrama de una sola palabra firmado por Winston Churchill: <em>Proceda.<\/em> El barco zarp\u00f3. Veintiocho hombres, sesenta y nueve perros de trineo y una gata llamada Mrs. Chippy salieron rumbo a Buenos Aires, donde el propio Shackleton se sumar\u00eda, y de all\u00ed hacia la \u00faltima estaci\u00f3n del mundo conocido: el puesto ballenero noruego de Grytviken, en Georgia del Sur.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PHOTO PLATE \u2014 crew at the bow \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <figure class=\"chr-photo-plate is-landscape reveal\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3-Wearing-full-polar-clothing-and-gathered-under-the-bow-of-the-ship-photographed-and-filmed-by-Frank-Hurley-probably-on-1-September-1915.jpg\" alt=\"Tripulaci\u00f3n del Endurance reunida con ropa polar completa bajo la proa del barco, fotografiada por Frank Hurley\">\n    <figcaption class=\"chr-photo-cap\">\n      <span>\n        Tripulaci\u00f3n bajo la proa, en plena indumentaria polar\n        <span class=\"chr-photo-cap-credit\">Frank Hurley \u00b7 Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG<\/span>\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 Departure \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker\">Parte uno \u00b7 Partida<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">Georgia del Sur, y la \u00faltima advertencia<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El Endurance lleg\u00f3 a Grytviken el 5 de noviembre de 1914 y permaneci\u00f3 all\u00ed un mes. Los capitanes balleneros que operaban en la zona hab\u00edan pasado una temporada observando la banquisa. Le dijeron a Shackleton que el mar de Weddell estaba inusualmente cerrado \u2014que el hielo hab\u00eda empujado m\u00e1s al norte de lo habitual, que los canales se cerraban apenas se abr\u00edan\u2014. Le aconsejaron esperar. Shackleton agradeci\u00f3 el consejo y continu\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El barco zarp\u00f3 de Georgia del Sur el 5 de diciembre de 1914. Desde esa ma\u00f1ana, la tripulaci\u00f3n no volver\u00eda a pisar tierra firme durante <strong>cuatrocientos noventa y siete d\u00edas<\/strong>. La primera banquisa apareci\u00f3 dos d\u00edas despu\u00e9s, mucho m\u00e1s al norte de lo previsto. El 30 de diciembre el barco cruz\u00f3 el c\u00edrculo polar ant\u00e1rtico. El 10 de enero de 1915 los hombres avistaron Coats Land \u2014el frente blanco del continente, exactamente donde las cartas dec\u00edan que estar\u00eda\u2014 y, por unas horas, la expedici\u00f3n pareci\u00f3 estar funcionando.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Fueron las \u00faltimas horas en que eso fue cierto. El hielo se cerr\u00f3 alrededor del casco. El Endurance avanz\u00f3 por canales cada vez m\u00e1s estrechos, a veces embistiendo, a veces esperando, a veces retrocediendo con la deriva del giro. El 18 de enero de 1915, a 76\u00b034\u2032 Sur \u2014aproximadamente a sesenta millas n\u00e1uticas de la bah\u00eda donde el grupo de cruce deb\u00eda desembarcar\u2014, el barco dej\u00f3 de moverse del todo. El hielo se hab\u00eda cerrado en todas las direcciones. No habr\u00eda desembarco. Durante un tiempo, tampoco habr\u00eda ninguna decisi\u00f3n que tomar.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 FACT BOX \u2014 Weddell Gyre \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <aside class=\"chr-fact-box reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-fact-label\">El giro de Weddell<\/div>\n    <p class=\"chr-fact-body\">El mar de Weddell se vac\u00eda y se rellena sobre una lenta rotaci\u00f3n en sentido horario, un sistema de corrientes conocido como el giro de Weddell. Un barco atrapado en su banquisa no permanece donde fue atrapado. Se mueve \u2014t\u00edpicamente hacia el noroeste, unas pocas millas por d\u00eda\u2014 mientras el hielo se mantiene compacto. <strong>La tripulaci\u00f3n del Endurance derivar\u00eda sobre esa corriente, primero dentro del barco y despu\u00e9s en una serie de campamentos montados sobre el hielo mismo, durante los siguientes trece meses.<\/strong><\/p>\n  <\/aside>\n\n<\/article>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var root = document;\n  var targets = root.querySelectorAll('.chronicle-es-article .reveal, .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate');\n  if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {\n    var io = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n      entries.forEach(function(e){\n        if (e.isIntersecting) { e.target.classList.add('in-view'); io.unobserve(e.target); }\n      });\n    }, { threshold: 0.14 });\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ io.observe(el); });\n  } else {\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ el.classList.add('in-view'); });\n  }\n})();\n<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a64b6ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a64b6ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-513351e elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"513351e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"obi-ads-slot-placeholder obi-ads-slot-placeholder--landscape\" data-slot=\"landscape\" data-layout-type=\"landscape\" data-width=\"728\" data-height=\"90\" style=\"--obi-slot-width: 728px; --obi-slot-height: 90px;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19563473 e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-19563473-cade22f \" data-id=\"19563473\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"19563473\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"19563473\">\n    <div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-547b1eca e-con e-atomic-element e-div-block-base e-547b1eca-c226515 \" data-id=\"547b1eca\" data-element_type=\"e-div-block\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-interaction-id=\"547b1eca\" data-e-type=\"e-div-block\" data-id=\"547b1eca\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dcea50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2dcea50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   ENDURANCE \u00b7 USA ONBOARD \u00b7 Cr\u00f3nica \u00b7 Template 4 \u00b7 ES\n   Widget 2 \u2014 Atrapados\n   \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Cormorant+Garamond:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700&family=Jost:wght@300;400;500;600;700&display=swap');\n\n.chronicle-es-article {\n  --serif: \"Cormorant Garamond\", Georgia, serif !important;\n  --sans:  \"Jost\", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif !important;\n  --paper:       #f4f0e8 !important;\n  --paper-deep:  #ebe4d4 !important;\n  --paper-warm:  #efe8d8 !important;\n  --ink:         #141210 !important;\n  --ink-mid:     #3a342c !important;\n  --ink-soft:    #7a7064 !important;\n  --sepia:       #8b6f47 !important;\n  --sepia-deep:  #5c4628 !important;\n  --sepia-lt:    #a98b5e !important;\n  --ice:         #a8bcc8 !important;\n  --ice-deep:    #6b8290 !important;\n  --rule:        #c9beae !important;\n  --rule-soft:   #ddd3c0 !important;\n  font-family: var(--sans) !important;\n  color: var(--ink) !important;\n  background: var(--paper) !important;\n  line-height: 1.6 !important;\n  overflow: hidden !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article *, .chronicle-es-article *::before, .chronicle-es-article *::after { box-sizing: border-box !important; 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height: 1px !important;\n  background: var(--sepia) !important;\n  margin: 0 auto 40px !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .chr-pullquote::after {\n  margin: 40px auto 0 !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .chr-pq-text {\n  font-family: var(--serif) !important;\n  font-size: clamp(28px, 3.6vw, 46px) !important;\n  font-weight: 400 !important; font-style: italic !important;\n  line-height: 1.24 !important;\n  color: var(--ink) !important;\n  max-width: 920px !important;\n  margin: 0 auto !important;\n  letter-spacing: -.014em !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500 REVEAL \u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal {\n  opacity: 0 !important;\n  transform: translateY(40px) !important;\n  transition: opacity 1.2s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), transform 1.2s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) !important;\n  will-change: opacity, transform !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.in-view {\n  opacity: 1 !important;\n  transform: translateY(0) !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.delay-1 { transition-delay: .12s !important; }\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.delay-2 { transition-delay: .24s !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n@media (max-width: 960px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-container { padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-section-head { margin: 60px auto 40px !important; padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-cap { left: 24px !important; right: 24px !important; bottom: 22px !important; font-size: 9px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-archive-plate { padding: 48px 28px 36px !important; margin: 56px 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-pullquote { padding: 72px 24px !important; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate.is-landscape { aspect-ratio: 4\/3 !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<article class=\"chronicle-es-article\">\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 Beset \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker\">Parte dos \u00b7 Atrapados<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">Trece meses dentro de un t\u00e9mpano en movimiento<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text chr-body-first reveal\">Durante las primeras semanas del atrapamiento, los hombres siguieron trabajando. Pusieron los motores en marcha, izaron las velas, dinamitaron el hielo, abrieron canales a mano con sierras. Nada de eso liber\u00f3 el barco. La banquisa se desplaz\u00f3 en vez de ceder. Para el 22 de febrero de 1915, el Endurance hab\u00eda derivado hasta los 77\u00b0 Sur \u2014su posici\u00f3n m\u00e1s austral\u2014 y los hombres empezaron a entender que el barco ya no era algo que estaban navegando. Era algo en cuyo interior estaban.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Se impuso una rutina distinta. Oficiales y tripulaci\u00f3n construyeron caniles para los perros sobre el hielo que rodeaba el barco. Los cient\u00edficos \u2014Reginald James, f\u00edsico; James Wordie, ge\u00f3logo; Robert Clark, bi\u00f3logo; Leonard Hussey, meteor\u00f3logo\u2014 continuaron sus mediciones. Los cirujanos, Macklin y McIlroy, llevaban registros. El cocinero, Charles Green, sigui\u00f3 alimentando a veintiocho hombres desde una galley pensada para una d\u00e9cima parte de eso, en un barco de madera que ya no iba a ninguna parte. Se organizaron partidos de f\u00fatbol sobre el hielo. Se montaron sketches teatrales. El banjo de Hussey sonaba casi todas las noches. Nada de eso era el fracaso. El fracaso estaba a mil millas de distancia.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El fot\u00f3grafo oficial era Frank Hurley, un australiano que ya hab\u00eda trabajado en la expedici\u00f3n ant\u00e1rtica de Douglas Mawson. Hurley fotografiaba en un cuarto oscuro montado bajo cubierta, sobre placas de vidrio de gran formato y con una c\u00e1mara cinematogr\u00e1fica. Fotografi\u00f3 el barco desde el hielo, el hielo desde la jarcia y a los hombres desde todos los \u00e1ngulos que pudo. Subi\u00f3 al m\u00e1stil para hacer panor\u00e1micas. Esper\u00f3 horas sobre el hielo a que cambiara la luz. Cuando lleg\u00f3 la noche polar en mayo de 1915, experiment\u00f3 con polvo de flash y bengalas de magnesio. El resultado es el registro visual por el que despu\u00e9s se conocer\u00eda la expedici\u00f3n entera.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PHOTO PLATE VERTICAL \u2014 kennels on deck \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <figure class=\"chr-photo-plate is-vertical reveal\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/4-1200-X-1500-Cubierta-del-Barco-con-caniles-para-perros.jpg\" alt=\"Cubierta del Endurance con los caniles para perros construidos sobre el hielo que rodea el barco atrapado\">\n    <figcaption class=\"chr-photo-cap\">\n      <span>\n        Cubierta y caniles durante el atrapamiento\n        <span class=\"chr-photo-cap-credit\">Frank Hurley \u00b7 Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG<\/span>\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">A lo largo del invierno la presi\u00f3n fue subiendo. La banquisa no se limitaba a sostener el barco; empez\u00f3 a hacerlo girar. Las placas de hielo se levantaban y se inclinaban contra el casco. Para agosto de 1915 los hombres pod\u00edan o\u00edr las cuadernas crujir por la noche. En septiembre el hielo comenz\u00f3 a trabajar sobre el barco en serio: lo apretaba a lo largo, despu\u00e9s a lo ancho, despu\u00e9s en las dos direcciones a la vez. El Endurance hab\u00eda sido construido para resistir el hielo. No estaba construido para ser destruido lentamente por \u00e9l.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El 24 de octubre de 1915, con el barco haciendo agua por estribor, Shackleton orden\u00f3 preparar el abandono. Tres d\u00edas despu\u00e9s, el 27 de octubre a las cinco de la tarde, la tripulaci\u00f3n pis\u00f3 el hielo con lo que pudo cargar. A cada hombre se le permitieron dos libras de pertenencias personales. <strong>Se hicieron dos excepciones:<\/strong> el banjo de Hussey, que Shackleton defini\u00f3 como <em>medicina mental indispensable<\/em>; y las placas fotogr\u00e1ficas de Hurley, cuya conservaci\u00f3n el propio Shackleton orden\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Incluso dada la orden, las placas a\u00fan no estaban a salvo. Segu\u00edan dentro de un barco que se hund\u00eda. El 8 de noviembre, Hurley se sumergi\u00f3 en el cuarto oscuro inundado y las sac\u00f3 una por una. Junto con Shackleton seleccionaron las cuatrocientas y pico de placas de vidrio hasta dejar ciento veinte. Las restantes Hurley las rompi\u00f3 sobre el hielo para no tentarse despu\u00e9s con la idea de volver a buscarlas. El archivo que sobrevive hoy \u2014custodiado por la Royal Geographical Society en Londres\u2014 es exactamente lo que Hurley rescat\u00f3 y lo que Shackleton le autoriz\u00f3 a conservar.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 ARCHIVE PLATE \u2014 Hurley diary, paraphrased context \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <aside class=\"chr-archive-plate reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-archive-label\">Del registro de la expedici\u00f3n<\/div>\n    <p class=\"chr-archive-body\">Hacia mediados de noviembre, Hurley describi\u00f3 el casco como una mara\u00f1a de maderos en la que ya no se reconoc\u00eda el barco que hab\u00eda sido. El Endurance se mantuvo sobre el hielo una semana m\u00e1s antes de desaparecer.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"chr-archive-attr-wrap\">\n      <span class=\"chr-archive-attr\"><strong>Frank Hurley<\/strong> \u00b7 Diario de expedici\u00f3n \u00b7 Noviembre de 1915<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PHOTO PLATE VERTICAL \u2014 night flares \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <figure class=\"chr-photo-plate is-vertical is-night reveal\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/5-1200-X-1500-Iconic-shot-of-the-Endurance-lit-by-flares-at-night.-Photo-by-Frank-Hurley-1914-1917.jpg\" alt=\"Imagen nocturna ic\u00f3nica del Endurance iluminado por bengalas de magnesio, fotografiada por Frank Hurley durante el atrapamiento\">\n    <figcaption class=\"chr-photo-cap\">\n      <span>\n        El Endurance de noche, iluminado por bengalas de magnesio\n        <span class=\"chr-photo-cap-credit\">Frank Hurley \u00b7 Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG<\/span>\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El hundimiento mismo fue casi silencioso. El 21 de noviembre de 1915, con los hombres acampados a milla y media en un sitio que hab\u00edan bautizado Ocean Camp, la popa del casco se levant\u00f3 brevemente por encima de las placas de hielo circundantes. El hielo se abri\u00f3 apenas lo suficiente para que el casco se deslizara hacia abajo. Volvi\u00f3 a cerrarse al instante. No qued\u00f3 rastro visible del lugar donde hab\u00eda estado el barco. El capit\u00e1n Frank Worsley tom\u00f3 una posici\u00f3n al d\u00eda siguiente desde Ocean Camp y la asent\u00f3 en el cuaderno de bit\u00e1cora: <strong>68\u00b039\u203230\u2033 Sur, 52\u00b026\u203230\u2033 Oeste<\/strong>. La cifra no ser\u00eda puesta a prueba durante ciento siete a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Lo que le quedaba a Shackleton, seg\u00fan escribir\u00eda \u00e9l mismo despu\u00e9s en <em>South<\/em>, era un problema de aritm\u00e9tica. Ten\u00eda veintiocho hombres, tres botes salvavidas de madera abiertos del barco, provisiones para varios meses con raciones que iban en descenso, una lenta deriva mar\u00edtima sobre una corriente que no pod\u00eda gobernar, y una cadena de islas a la que no pod\u00eda llegar. La expedici\u00f3n ya no se trataba de cruzar la Ant\u00e1rtida. Se trataba de no sumarse a la lista de hombres que hab\u00edan muerto en el intento.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PULL QUOTE \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-pullquote reveal\">\n    <p class=\"chr-pq-text\">El objetivo ahora era el ordinario. Llevar a los hombres a casa. A todos.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/article>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var root = document;\n  var targets = root.querySelectorAll('.chronicle-es-article .reveal, .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate');\n  if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {\n    var io = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n      entries.forEach(function(e){\n        if (e.isIntersecting) { e.target.classList.add('in-view'); io.unobserve(e.target); }\n      });\n    }, { threshold: 0.14 });\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ io.observe(el); });\n  } else {\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ el.classList.add('in-view'); });\n  }\n})();\n<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72fd20f2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72fd20f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-166ec57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"166ec57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"obi-ads-slot-placeholder obi-ads-slot-placeholder--landscape\" data-slot=\"landscape\" data-layout-type=\"landscape\" data-width=\"728\" data-height=\"90\" style=\"--obi-slot-width: 728px; 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height: 1px !important;\n  background: var(--sepia) !important;\n  margin: 0 auto 40px !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .chr-pullquote::after {\n  margin: 40px auto 0 !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .chr-pq-text {\n  font-family: var(--serif) !important;\n  font-size: clamp(28px, 3.6vw, 46px) !important;\n  font-weight: 400 !important; font-style: italic !important;\n  line-height: 1.24 !important;\n  color: var(--ink) !important;\n  max-width: 920px !important;\n  margin: 0 auto !important;\n  letter-spacing: -.014em !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500 REVEAL \u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal {\n  opacity: 0 !important;\n  transform: translateY(40px) !important;\n  transition: opacity 1.2s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1), transform 1.2s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) !important;\n  will-change: opacity, transform !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.in-view {\n  opacity: 1 !important;\n  transform: translateY(0) !important;\n}\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.delay-1 { transition-delay: .12s !important; }\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.delay-2 { transition-delay: .24s !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n@media (max-width: 960px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-container { padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-section-head { margin: 60px auto 40px !important; padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-cap { left: 24px !important; right: 24px !important; bottom: 22px !important; font-size: 9px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-pullquote { padding: 72px 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline { padding: 0 24px !important; margin: 64px auto !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-list::before { left: 80px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-item { grid-template-columns: 80px 1fr !important; gap: 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-item::before { left: 75px !important; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate.is-landscape { aspect-ratio: 4\/3 !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-list::before { display: none !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 6px !important; padding-bottom: 28px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-item::before { display: none !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-date { text-align: left !important; padding-top: 0 !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-timeline-content { padding-left: 0 !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<article class=\"chronicle-es-article\">\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 The Floe \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker\">Parte tres \u00b7 Sobre el hielo<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">Cinco meses sobre un t\u00e9mpano que se mov\u00eda<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text chr-body-first reveal\">Ocean Camp dur\u00f3 siete semanas. El t\u00e9mpano arrastraba a los hombres en direcci\u00f3n noroeste sobre el giro de Weddell, a un promedio de unas cuatro millas por d\u00eda \u2014a veces m\u00e1s, a veces nada\u2014. El instinto de Shackleton era el movimiento. El 23 de diciembre de 1915 orden\u00f3 levantar el campamento y arrastrar los botes salvavidas a mano sobre el hielo, en direcci\u00f3n a la isla Paulet y a un dep\u00f3sito de v\u00edveres conocido. La tripulaci\u00f3n avanz\u00f3 dos millas en tres d\u00edas, arrastrando las pesadas embarcaciones sobre crestas de presi\u00f3n quebrada. Al atardecer del tercer d\u00eda Shackleton dio la orden de detenerse. Levantaron un nuevo campamento, lo bautizaron Patience Camp y se quedaron.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Vivieron sobre el hielo durante los siguientes tres meses. Las provisiones fueron disminuyendo. Los perros fueron sacrificados \u2014primero los m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles, despu\u00e9s el resto\u2014. A la gata, Mrs. Chippy, la hab\u00edan sacrificado antes del abandono. Los hombres subsistieron con carne de foca, ping\u00fcino y algas cocinadas sobre una salamandra alimentada con grasa de foca. Hacia abril el t\u00e9mpano empez\u00f3 a romperse debajo de ellos. Se abrieron grietas en el centro del campamento. Las carpas se mov\u00edan de noche. M\u00e1s de una vez los hombres se despertaron con el hielo parti\u00e9ndose bajo sus cuerpos y tuvieron que ser sacados del agua antes de congelarse.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El 9 de abril de 1916, el t\u00e9mpano se fractur\u00f3 hasta el punto en que ya no era posible permanecer sobre \u00e9l. Shackleton orden\u00f3 botar las tres embarcaciones \u2014el <em>James Caird<\/em>, el <em>Dudley Docker<\/em> y el <em>Stancomb Wills<\/em>\u2014 al hielo quebrado. Pasaron siete d\u00edas en botes abiertos entre placas en movimiento, durmiendo por turnos sobre el t\u00e9mpano que aguantara, bebiendo el agua de deshielo cuando pod\u00edan encontrarla. Los botes embarcaban agua con mar gruesa. Varios hombres desarrollaron congelaciones severas. A Percy Blackborow, el joven poliz\u00f3n gal\u00e9s convertido en steward, los cirujanos tendr\u00edan que amputarle dedos del pie. El 15 de abril alcanzaron la isla Elefante. Era la primera tierra firme que cualquiera de ellos pisaba en <strong>cuatrocientos noventa y siete d\u00edas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PHOTO PLATE \u2014 hauling the boat \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <figure class=\"chr-photo-plate is-landscape reveal\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/7-1920-X-1080-Grupo-de-hombres-de-la-tripulacion-tirando-de-cuerdas-para-arrastrar-un-bote-auxiliar-sobre-el-hielo.jpg\" alt=\"Tripulantes tirando de cuerdas para arrastrar uno de los botes salvavidas sobre el hielo\">\n    <figcaption class=\"chr-photo-cap\">\n      <span>\n        Arrastre de un bote salvavidas sobre la banquisa\n        <span class=\"chr-photo-cap-credit\">Frank Hurley \u00b7 Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG<\/span>\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">La isla Elefante era inhabitada e inhabitable. Una franja angosta de playa de canto rodado bajo acantilados a pique, sin refugio, sin m\u00e1s alimento que los ping\u00fcinos y focas que llegaran por azar a la costa, sin posibilidad de ser avistados por ning\u00fan barco que pasara \u2014porque ning\u00fan barco pasaba\u2014. La isla quedaba fuera de toda ruta de navegaci\u00f3n del hemisferio sur. Los hombres estaban salvados, t\u00e9cnicamente, pero nadie sab\u00eda d\u00f3nde estaban, y el calendario jugaba en contra. Se acercaba el invierno ant\u00e1rtico. Veintiocho hombres no iban a poder alimentarse a lo largo de ese invierno con lo que ofrec\u00eda la playa.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Shackleton calcul\u00f3 las alternativas y solo hab\u00eda una. Las estaciones balleneras de la costa norte de Georgia del Sur quedaban a unas <strong>ochocientas millas n\u00e1uticas<\/strong> al noreste, atravesando el Pasaje de Drake \u2014uno de los tramos de oc\u00e9ano m\u00e1s violentos del mundo, particularmente en oto\u00f1o\u2014. Tomar\u00eda el mayor de los tres botes, el <em>James Caird<\/em> de veintid\u00f3s pies y medio, lo adaptar\u00eda para aguas abiertas y zarpar\u00eda en busca de auxilio.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PULL QUOTE \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-pullquote reveal\">\n    <p class=\"chr-pq-text\">El riesgo se justificaba solo por la alternativa. Quedarse en la isla Elefante era morir en la isla Elefante.<\/p>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 The James Caird \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker\">Parte cuatro \u00b7 El James Caird<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">Ochocientas millas en un bote abierto<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text chr-body-first reveal\">El carpintero, Henry McNish, elev\u00f3 las regalas del <em>Caird<\/em> con madera de los otros dos botes y sell\u00f3 la cubierta con sangre de foca, pintura al \u00f3leo y la lona de las carpas. Le construy\u00f3 una peque\u00f1a cabina hacia proa, le agreg\u00f3 lastre de piedras y bolsas de hielo, y arm\u00f3 el aparejo con la lona de vela m\u00e1s pesada que la expedici\u00f3n hab\u00eda conservado. Seis hombres lo navegaron: Shackleton, el capit\u00e1n Frank Worsley como navegante, el segundo oficial Tom Crean, el carpintero McNish y los marineros Timothy McCarthy y John Vincent. Los veintid\u00f3s que se quedaron en la isla Elefante \u2014bajo el mando de Frank Wild, segundo de Shackleton\u2014 construyeron un refugio con un bote invertido al que llamaron Cape Wild y esperaron.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El <em>James Caird<\/em> zarp\u00f3 el 24 de abril de 1916. La traves\u00eda dur\u00f3 diecisiete d\u00edas. Worsley naveg\u00f3 con un sextante que casi no pod\u00eda usar \u2014el sol apareci\u00f3 cuatro veces en dos semanas y media\u2014 y por lo dem\u00e1s por estima, en condiciones en las que el bote se inclinaba demasiado para tomar una lectura precisa incluso cuando hab\u00eda horizonte contra el cual hacerla. Atravesaron temporales, nevadas, un hurac\u00e1n que dur\u00f3 casi un d\u00eda entero, y una ola que Worsley describir\u00eda despu\u00e9s, en su propio relato publicado, como mayor que cualquiera que hubiera visto en veintis\u00e9is a\u00f1os de mar. Alcanzaron la costa sudoeste inhabitada de Georgia del Sur en King Haakon Bay el 10 de mayo de 1916.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Las estaciones balleneras quedaban en el lado opuesto de la isla. El <em>Caird<\/em> ya no estaba en condiciones de navegar. Shackleton, Worsley y Crean dejaron a McNish, McCarthy y Vincent en un campamento bajo el bote invertido y emprendieron a pie el cruce de Georgia del Sur. El interior de la isla \u2014una cadena de picos glaciados que se eleva hasta casi tres mil metros\u2014 no hab\u00eda sido cruzado nunca. Llevaban un trineo, ning\u00fan mapa, cincuenta pies de cuerda, tres d\u00edas de raciones cocidas y tornillos sacados del bote clavados en las suelas de las botas a modo de crampones.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 TIMELINE \u2014 South Georgia crossing \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-timeline reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-timeline-head\">\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-kicker\">Georgia del Sur \u00b7 18 \u2014 20 de mayo de 1916<\/div>\n      <h3 class=\"chr-timeline-title\">Treinta y seis horas, a pie, atravesando una isla sin cartografiar<\/h3>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"chr-timeline-list\">\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">18 may<br>03:00<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">Salida desde King Haakon Bay<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Shackleton, Worsley y Crean dejan el campamento del bote invertido bajo luna llena. Tres d\u00edas de raciones, cincuenta pies de cuerda, un peque\u00f1o calentador primus.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">18 may<br>Amanecer<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">Primer intento de cresta<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Tres falsas cumbres en la primera cordillera \u2014cada descenso los conduce a un terreno imposible de transitar\u2014. Se cierra la niebla. Retroceden y vuelven a probar.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">18 may<br>Tarde<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">El descenso por deslizamiento<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Atrapados al anochecer sobre la pendiente de un glaciar, quedarse quietos significaba morir all\u00ed. Enrollan la cuerda en asientos improvisados, se sientan sobre ellos y se deslizan juntos. El descenso dura segundos.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">19 may<br>Toda la noche<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">Cruce de la cresta central<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Caminan sin parar para conservar el calor, con pausas de diez minutos para comer. La temperatura desciende por debajo del l\u00edmite del term\u00f3metro.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">20 may<br>06:30<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">El silbato<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Por encima del valle de Stromness, oyen el silbato de vapor que llama a los balleneros al trabajo. Es el primer sonido producido por otro ser humano que cualquiera de los tres escucha en dieciocho meses.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-timeline-item\">\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-date\">20 may<br>15:00<\/div>\n        <div class=\"chr-timeline-content\">\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-event\">Llegada a Stromness<\/div>\n          <div class=\"chr-timeline-meta\">Tres hombres en harapos cubiertos de sal, con la cara ennegrecida por el humo de las salamandras, entran caminando a la oficina del jefe de la estaci\u00f3n. El jefe dir\u00eda despu\u00e9s que no reconoci\u00f3 a Shackleton hasta que Shackleton pronunci\u00f3 su propio nombre.<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/article>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var root = document;\n  var targets = root.querySelectorAll('.chronicle-es-article .reveal, .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate');\n  if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {\n    var io = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n      entries.forEach(function(e){\n        if (e.isIntersecting) { e.target.classList.add('in-view'); io.unobserve(e.target); }\n      });\n    }, { threshold: 0.14 });\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ io.observe(el); });\n  } else {\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ el.classList.add('in-view'); });\n  }\n})();\n<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a86bb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a86bb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59745ffb elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"59745ffb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><div class=\"obi-ads-slot-placeholder obi-ads-slot-placeholder--landscape\" data-slot=\"landscape\" data-layout-type=\"landscape\" data-width=\"728\" data-height=\"90\" style=\"--obi-slot-width: 728px; 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}\n.chronicle-es-article .reveal.delay-2 { transition-delay: .24s !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n@media (max-width: 960px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-container { padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-section-head { margin: 60px auto 40px !important; padding: 0 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-cap { left: 24px !important; right: 24px !important; bottom: 22px !important; font-size: 9px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-roster { padding: 60px 24px !important; margin: 64px 0 !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-roster-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr) !important; gap: 44px 32px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-coords { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr) !important; gap: 56px 0 !important; padding: 60px 24px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-coord-item { border-right: none !important; padding: 0 16px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-credits-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 32px !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-discovery { padding: 80px 24px !important; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate.is-landscape { aspect-ratio: 4\/3 !important; }\n  .chronicle-es-article .chr-roster-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; gap: 36px !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<article class=\"chronicle-es-article\">\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 Rescue \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker\">Parte cinco \u00b7 Rescate<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">Cuatro intentos, un remolcador chileno<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text chr-body-first reveal\">El primer intento de Shackleton por alcanzar la isla Elefante, a fines de mayo de 1916, fue con un viejo ballenero brit\u00e1nico prestado, el <em>Southern Sky<\/em>. Fue rechazado por el hielo a la vista misma de la isla. Lo intent\u00f3 despu\u00e9s con el pesquero uruguayo <em>Instituto de Pesca No. 1<\/em>, cedido por Montevideo. Mismo resultado. Un tercer intento, en la goleta <em>Emma<\/em> desde Punta Arenas, se qued\u00f3 a cien millas. En cada regreso, Shackleton sab\u00eda que los hombres en la isla dispon\u00edan de menos comida y menos tiempo.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">En el cuarto intento, la marina chilena le prest\u00f3 un peque\u00f1o remolcador a vapor, el <em>Yelcho<\/em>, al mando del piloto Luis Pardo. La banquisa estuvo inusualmente abierta esa semana. El <em>Yelcho<\/em> alcanz\u00f3 la playa el 30 de agosto de 1916. Frank Wild, que hab\u00eda mantenido vivos a los veintid\u00f3s hombres durante cuatro meses y medio en un refugio improvisado con un bote invertido sobre una playa de piedras, dir\u00eda despu\u00e9s que cuando vio a Shackleton bajar a tierra no pudo hablar durante varios minutos. Los veintid\u00f3s estaban vivos. Subieron a bordo. El remolcador lleg\u00f3 a Punta Arenas el 3 de septiembre. <strong>El grupo del mar de Weddell volvi\u00f3 a la civilizaci\u00f3n con la misma cantidad de hombres con la que hab\u00eda salido de Plymouth dos a\u00f1os antes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">Hubo costos. Varios hombres hab\u00edan perdido dedos por congelaci\u00f3n. McNish, el carpintero que hab\u00eda vuelto al <em>James Caird<\/em> lo suficientemente marinero como para sobrevivir ochocientas millas de oc\u00e9ano abierto, no se recuperar\u00eda del todo. Algunos de los veteranos de la expedici\u00f3n \u2014Cheetham, McCarthy y otros\u2014 morir\u00edan en los meses siguientes, ca\u00eddos en la guerra que hab\u00eda empezado el d\u00eda antes del zarpe del Endurance y que segu\u00eda libr\u00e1ndose. Pero el dato titular se mantuvo. Cero hombres perdidos sobre el hielo.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 PHOTO PLATE \u2014 group around the stove \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <figure class=\"chr-photo-plate is-landscape reveal\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/8-1920-X-1080-Grupo-de-hombres-alrededor-de-una-salamandra-combatiendo-el-frio.jpg\" alt=\"Tripulantes reunidos alrededor de una salamandra combatiendo el fr\u00edo entre campamentos\">\n    <figcaption class=\"chr-photo-cap\">\n      <span>\n        Alrededor de la salamandra, entre campamentos\n        <span class=\"chr-photo-cap-credit\">Frank Hurley \u00b7 Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG<\/span>\n      <\/span>\n    <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CREW ROSTER \u2014 the 28 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-roster reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-roster-head\">\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-kicker\">Dramatis Personae \u00b7 Grupo del mar de Weddell<\/div>\n      <h3 class=\"chr-roster-title\">Los veintiocho que volvieron<\/h3>\n      <p class=\"chr-roster-sub\">Seleccionados por Shackleton entre m\u00e1s de cinco mil postulantes, reclutados por habilidad, temperamento y capacidad de convivencia en espacios reducidos por per\u00edodos indefinidos.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"chr-roster-grid\">\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Mando<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Sir Ernest Shackleton<span>L\u00edder de la expedici\u00f3n<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Frank Wild<span>Segundo al mando<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Frank Worsley<span>Capit\u00e1n<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Oficialidad<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Lionel Greenstreet<span>Primer oficial<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Tom Crean<span>Segundo oficial<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Alfred Cheetham<span>Tercer oficial<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Hubert Hudson<span>Navegante<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Ingenier\u00eda<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Lewis Rickinson<span>Primer ingeniero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">A. J. Kerr<span>Segundo ingeniero<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Cient\u00edficos<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Reginald W. James<span>F\u00edsico<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Leonard D. A. Hussey<span>Meteor\u00f3logo<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">James M. Wordie<span>Ge\u00f3logo<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Robert S. Clark<span>Bi\u00f3logo<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Dr. Alexander H. Macklin<span>Cirujano<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Dr. James A. McIlroy<span>Cirujano<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Especialistas<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Frank Hurley<span>Fot\u00f3grafo oficial<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">George E. Marston<span>Artista oficial<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Thomas Orde&#8209;Lees<span>Mec\u00e1nico y proveedor<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Henry McNish<span>Carpintero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Charles J. Green<span>Cocinero<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"chr-roster-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-roster-role\">Tripulaci\u00f3n<\/div>\n        <ul class=\"chr-roster-list\">\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">William Bakewell<span>Marinero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Walter E. How<span>Marinero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Timothy McCarthy<span>Marinero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Thomas McLeod<span>Marinero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">John Vincent<span>Marinero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Ernest Holness<span>Fogonero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">William Stephenson<span>Fogonero<\/span><\/li>\n          <li class=\"chr-roster-name\">Percy Blackborow<span>Poliz\u00f3n, luego steward<\/span><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SECTION HEAD \u2014 Discovery \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-section-head reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-section-kicker is-ice\">Parte seis \u00b7 Ciento siete a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s<\/div>\n    <h2 class=\"chr-section-h\">El Endurance regresa<\/h2>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chr-container\">\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text chr-body-first reveal\">Durante m\u00e1s de un siglo, el pecio permaneci\u00f3 donde se hab\u00eda hundido. Las coordenadas de Worsley \u2014escritas en el cuaderno de bit\u00e1cora al d\u00eda siguiente del hundimiento, desde un campamento sobre hielo en movimiento\u2014 fueron la \u00fanica referencia. Eran tambi\u00e9n una estimaci\u00f3n. Worsley no hab\u00eda podido tomar una lectura adecuada con sextante en el momento mismo del hundimiento, y los cron\u00f3metros del barco ya no eran del todo confiables. Varias expediciones contemplaron a lo largo de las d\u00e9cadas la posibilidad de buscarlo. La banquisa del mar de Weddell, presente todo el a\u00f1o e infranqueable en la mayor\u00eda de las estaciones, hizo del proyecto algo siempre imposible.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">A principios de 2022, el <em>Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust<\/em> organiz\u00f3 la expedici\u00f3n Endurance22 a bordo del buque polar de investigaci\u00f3n sudafricano <em>S.A. Agulhas II<\/em>, bajo la direcci\u00f3n de John Shears como expedition leader y Mensun Bound como director de exploraci\u00f3n. El barco zarp\u00f3 desde Ciudad del Cabo con veh\u00edculos submarinos aut\u00f3nomos dise\u00f1ados para operar bajo el hielo, en aguas que hab\u00edan derrotado a todos los intentos previos por explorar el fondo marino del Weddell. Las condiciones de ese a\u00f1o fueron inusualmente benignas. El hielo marino ant\u00e1rtico se encontraba en el nivel m\u00e1s bajo registrado desde que comenzaron las mediciones satelitales en la d\u00e9cada de 1970.<\/p>\n\n    <p class=\"chr-body-text reveal\">El pecio fue localizado a las 16:05 GMT del <strong>5 de marzo de 2022<\/strong> \u2014por coincidencia, exactamente cien a\u00f1os a la fecha del entierro de Shackleton en Georgia del Sur, donde muri\u00f3 en 1922 al inicio de una \u00faltima expedici\u00f3n sin relaci\u00f3n con esta historia\u2014. Yace a <strong>3.008 metros<\/strong> de profundidad, en posici\u00f3n vertical sobre el lecho marino, con su nombre todav\u00eda legible en la popa y el emblema de la estrella polar n\u00edtido debajo. La madera se conserv\u00f3 por la ausencia, en esas aguas profundas y fr\u00edas, de los organismos marinos que consumen los cascos de madera en otras partes. Seg\u00fan Endurance22, est\u00e1 en condiciones <em>brillantes<\/em>. El sitio est\u00e1 designado como monumento protegido bajo el Tratado Ant\u00e1rtico.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 DISCOVERY MODULE \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-discovery reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-discovery-inner\">\n      <div class=\"chr-discovery-volanta\">Endurance22 \u00b7 5 de marzo de 2022<\/div>\n      <h3 class=\"chr-discovery-h\">A cinco millas de donde Worsley dijo que estaba.<br><strong>A tres kil\u00f3metros bajo el agua.<\/strong><\/h3>\n      <p class=\"chr-discovery-body\">El pecio fue encontrado dentro del \u00e1rea de b\u00fasqueda definida antes del zarpe desde Ciudad del Cabo, aproximadamente a cinco millas n\u00e1uticas y media de la posici\u00f3n registrada en el cuaderno de bit\u00e1cora la ma\u00f1ana posterior al hundimiento. Dado que el capit\u00e1n Worsley fij\u00f3 esa posici\u00f3n desde un t\u00e9mpano en movimiento, sin un horizonte claro, con cron\u00f3metros que hab\u00edan acumulado dieciocho meses de deriva en el mar, la precisi\u00f3n es notable.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"chr-discovery-body\">El sitio est\u00e1 protegido bajo el Sistema del Tratado Ant\u00e1rtico. No se puede recuperar nada. El Endurance permanecer\u00e1 donde cay\u00f3.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 COORDINATES STRIP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <section class=\"chr-coords reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-coord-item\">\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-label\">Latitud<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-value\">68\u00b044\u203221\u2033 S<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-unit\">Posici\u00f3n del pecio<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-coord-item\">\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-label\">Longitud<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-value\">52\u00b019\u203247\u2033 O<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-unit\">Mar de Weddell<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-coord-item\">\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-label\">Profundidad<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-value\">3.008<span style=\"font-size:.5em; margin-left:6px; color:var(--ice);\">m<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-unit\">9.869 pies<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"chr-coord-item\">\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-label\">Sin pisar tierra<\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-value\">497<span style=\"font-size:.5em; margin-left:6px; color:var(--ice);\">d\u00edas<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-coord-unit\">Dic 1914 \u2014 Abr 1916<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CREDITS \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <aside class=\"chr-credits reveal\">\n    <div class=\"chr-credits-inner\">\n      <div class=\"chr-credit-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-credit-label\">Fotograf\u00eda de archivo<\/div>\n        <p class=\"chr-credit-body\"><strong>Frank Hurley<\/strong><br>Placas de vidrio originales y material cinematogr\u00e1fico custodiados por la Royal Geographical Society \u2014 IBG, Londres.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-credit-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-credit-label\">Descubrimiento (2022)<\/div>\n        <p class=\"chr-credit-body\"><strong>Expedici\u00f3n Endurance22<\/strong><br>Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust, a bordo del S.A. Agulhas II.<br>L\u00edder de expedici\u00f3n: John Shears. Director de exploraci\u00f3n: Mensun Bound.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"chr-credit-block\">\n        <div class=\"chr-credit-label\">Fuentes primarias<\/div>\n        <p class=\"chr-credit-body\">Royal Geographical Society \u00b7 Scott Polar Research Institute \u00b7 cuadernos de bit\u00e1cora de Frank Worsley \u00b7 el relato publicado por Ernest Shackleton (1919).<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n\n  <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 COLOPHON \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\n  <div class=\"chr-colophon\">\n    <p class=\"chr-colophon-text\">La Expedici\u00f3n Imperial Transant\u00e1rtica fracas\u00f3 en su \u00fanico objetivo declarado. Ninguno de sus veintiocho hombres pis\u00f3 nunca el continente ant\u00e1rtico. Se los recuerda porque todos volvieron a casa.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/article>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var root = document;\n  var targets = root.querySelectorAll('.chronicle-es-article .reveal, .chronicle-es-article .chr-photo-plate');\n  if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {\n    var io = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries){\n      entries.forEach(function(e){\n        if (e.isIntersecting) { e.target.classList.add('in-view'); io.unobserve(e.target); }\n      });\n    }, { threshold: 0.14 });\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ io.observe(el); });\n  } else {\n    targets.forEach(function(el){ el.classList.add('in-view'); });\n  }\n})();\n<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 1914 \u2014 1916 Empezar lectura Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 Edad Heroica de la Exploraci\u00f3n Ant\u00e1rtica La expedici\u00f3n que fracas\u00f3en todo menos enregresar a casa En agosto de 1914, veintiocho hombres zarparon de Plymouth para realizar el primer cruce terrestre del continente ant\u00e1rtico. Nunca pisaron tierra firme. Perdieron el barco, derivaron sobre el hielo durante casi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1645,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"slim_seo":{"title":"La Expedici\u00f3n que Fracas\u00f3 en Todo Menos en Regresar a Casa - USA ONBOARD","description":"Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 1914 \u2014 1916 Empezar lectura Cr\u00f3nicas \u00b7 Edad Heroica de la Exploraci\u00f3n Ant\u00e1rtica La expedici\u00f3n que fracas\u00f3 en todo menos en regresar a casa En agosto"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[64,48,92,102,65,102,74],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aprendizaje-entrenamiento","category-destinos","category-entertaining","category-historias","category-seguridad","category-vela"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2220"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2220\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/usaonboard.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}